references

Newman, D.K. & Wein, A.J. (2004). Overcoming Overactive Bladder, New Harbinger, Los Angeles, California.
purchase this book from SeekWellness

Newman, D.K. (2002). Managing and Treating Urinary Incontinence, Health Professions Press, Baltimore, Maryland.
purchase this book from SeekWellness

Newman, D.K. (2000) Continence for Women: Research-Based Practice, Association of Women’s Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses, Washington, D.C.

Newman, D.K. (1999). The Urinary Incontinence Sourcebook, 2nd edition, Los Angeles: Lowell House.
purchase this book from SeekWellness

Fantl, JA, Newman, DK, Colling, J. et.al. (1996) Urinary Incontinence in Adults: Acute and Chronic Management Clinical Practice Guideline, No 2, 1996 Update, Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, AHCPR Publication No. 96-0682. March 1996.

Newman, D.K., Denis, L, Gartley, CB., Gruenwald, I., Lim, PHC., Millard, R., Roberts, R., (2002) "Promotion, Education and Organization for Continence Care" In P. Abrams, L. Cardozo, S. Khoury, & A. Wein (Eds), Incontinence, Proceedings from the Second International Consultation on Incontinence, Plymouth UK: Health Publication:937-964.

Gallo, M., Newman, D.K., Sasso, K.C. (2001) "The Evolution of Continence Nurse Specialists" in Staskin, D., Cardozo, L. (Eds) Textbook of Female Urology and Urogynecology. Isis Medical Media, LTD. United Kingdom: 65-80.

Newman, D.K., Parente, C.A., Yuan, J.R.. (1997) "Implementing the Agency for Health Care Policy and research Urinary Incontinence Guidelines in a Home Health Agency" for Harris, M.D. (Ed.) Handbook of Home Health Care Administration, Second Edition, Gaithersburg, MD, An Aspen Publication: 394-403.

Newman, D.K., Wallace, DW, Wallace, J. (1997) "Moisture control and incontinence management" for Krasner, D. Kane, D. (Eds.) Chronic Wound Care, Wayne, Pa, Health Manamgement Publications, Inc.: 196-201

Newman, D.K. (1996) "Program and Practice Management for the Advanced Practice Nurse" for Hamric, A.B., Spross, J.A., Hanson, C.M. (Eds.) Advanced Nursing Practice, Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 545-568.

Newman, DK. (2004) "Urinary Incontinence." Advance for Nurses; Feb 6(3); 19-24.

Newman, DK. (2004) "Mentioning the Unmentionables (Part 2)." Advance for Providers of Post-Acute Care; Jan/Feb; 22,24.

DuBeau, CE., Bent, AE., Dmochowski, RR., McCue, JD., Newman, DK., Thom, DH., Zinner, NR. (2003) "Addressing the Unmet Needs of Geriatric Patients with Overactive Bladder: Challenges and Controversies." Clinical Geriatrics; December 11(12):16-20, 22, 24-27.

DuBeau, CE., Bent, AE., Dmochowski, RR., McCue, JD., Newman, DK., Thom, DH., Zinner, NR. (2003) "Unmet Needs of the Patient with Overactive Bladder." Clinical Geriatrics; December. Suppl:1-8.

Dmochowski, RR., Fourcroy, JL., Staskin, DR., Jones, WK (Eds), Appell, RA., Burgio, KL., DuBeau, CE., Horowitz, M., Lemack, G., Lightner, DJ., Luber, KM., MacDiarmid, SA., Mallett, VT., Newman, DK., Peters, KM., Sand, PK, Brunton, SF., Massey, GS. (2003) "The Public Health Implications of Urogenital Disease." Clinician; September 21(4):1-21.

Newman, DK. (2003) "Urinary Incontinence: prevention and care." Nursing Assistant; October 8(14):1-4.

Newman, DK. (2003) "Stress Urinary Incontinence in Women." American Journal of Nursing, 103(8):46-55.

Newman, DK. (2003) "Incidence, Prevalence, and Quality of Life" The Female Patient, June[Suppl]:3-4.

Colling, JC., Owen, TR., McCreedy, M., Newman, DK. (2003) "The Effects of a Continence Program on Frail Community-Dwelling Elderly Persons." Urologic Nursing, 23(2), April,117-122,127-131.

Newman, DK., Palmer, MH. (2003) "State of the Science on Urinary Incontinence" American Journal of Nursing, March[Suppl]:2-53.

Newman, DK., Giovanni, D. (2002) "Overactive Bladder: A Nursing Perspective" American Journal of Nursing, June, 102(6):36-46.

Newman, DK. (2002) "New Treatment Options for Overactive Bladder and Incontinence" The Director, 10(3):74-76.

Moorhouse DL, Robinson JP, Bradway C, Zoltick BH, Newman, DK. (2001) "Behavioral Treatments for Post-Prostatectomy Incontinence" Ostomy Wound Management, 47(12):30-42.

Newman, DK. (2001) "Conservative Management of Urinary Incontinence in Women" Primary Care Update for Ob/Gyns; 8 (4): 153-162.

MacDiarmid S, Newman, DK, Valuck R, Granville L, Lipsky M, Woodman P. (2000) "Bladder Control Problems" VHSJ CME/CE Suppl.Vol.5 (5)2-32.

Newman, DK. (2000) "New Technology for Women for Stress Incontinence". Contemporary OB/GYN: April 15:69-70,74-75, 79-83.

Sampselle, CM, Wyman, Thomas, KK, Newman, DK, et al. (2000) "Continence for Women: Evaluation of AWHONN’s Third Research Utilization Project". JOGNN: January:29(1):9-17.

Sampselle, CM, Wyman, Thomas, KK, Newman, DK, et al. (2000) "Continence for Women: a test of AWHONN’s evidence-based protocol in clinical practice". JOGNN., January:29(1):18-26.

Newman, DK, Palmer, MH. (1999) "Incontinence and PPS: A New Era". Ostomy Wound Manangement, December. 45(12), December:32-38, 40-44, 46, 48-49.

Brubaker, L Harris, T., Gleason, D., Newman, DK. North, B et.al. (1999) "The External Urethral Barrier for Stress Incontinence: A multicenter Trial of Safety and Efficacy" Obstetrics & Gynecology, 93(6), June:932-937.

Newman, DK. (1998) "Controversies in Incontinence" The Clinical Letter for Nurse Practitioners, 2(6), November/December: 1-8.

Newman, DK. (1998) "Managing Indwelling Urethral Catheters" Ostomy Wound Management, 44(l2), December: 26-28,30,32, 34-35

Newman, D.K. (1997) "Guest Editorial, How much society pays for urinary incontinence." Ostomy/Wound Management, 43(l), January/February, 18-25.

Newman, D.K. (1997). "Urinary Health and the Primary Care Provider" Lippincott’s Primary Care, 1(4):355-360.

Newman, D.K., Burns, P (1997). "New Approaches for Managing Stress Incontinence" Lippincott’s Primary Care, 1(4):382-387.

Newman, D.K., Wallace, J., Blackwood, N., Spencer, C. (1996) "Promoting healthy bladder habits for seniors." Ostomy /Wound Management, 42(10), November/December, 18-28.

Newman, D. K. (1996). "Urinary incontinence management in the USA: the role of the nurse." British Journal of Nursing 5(2),Jan-Feb:78,80,82-88.

Newman, D. K., Steidle., C., Wallace, D.W. (1995). "Urinary Incontinence: An Overview of the Diagnosis and Management." The American Journal of Managed Care (l),September: 68-74.

Newman, D. K., Burns, P. A. (1994). "Significance and Impact of Urinary Incontinence." Nurse Practitioner Forum, 5(3), September: 130-133.

Newman, D. K., Palumbo M.V. (1994). "Planning an Independent Nursing Practice for Continence Services." Nurse Practitioner Forum, 5(3), September: 190-193.

Newman, D. K. (1994). "Strategies for Managing Urinary Incontinence in Homebound Patients." Advance for Nurse Practitioners, 2(8), August:11 - 14.

Newman, D.K., McCormick, K., Colling, J., Pearson, B. (1993) "A Guideline for the Nation: Managing Urinary Incontinence." Journal of Home Health Care Practice, 5(3), May, 33-40.

Newman, D.K., Smith, D.A. (1992) "Pelvic Muscle Reeducation as a Nursing Treatment for Incontinence." Urologic Nursing, 12(l), March, 9-15.

Newman, D.K., Smith, D.A., Goetz, G. (1992) "Neurogenic Bladder Dysfunction Causing Urinary Retention." Journal Home Health Care Practice, 4(4),45-60.

Newman, D.K., Smith, D.A. (1991) "A Portable Bladder Scanner." Nurse Practitioner Forum, 2(4), December, 243-245.

Newman, D.K., Lynch, K., Smith, D.A., Cell, P. (1991) "Restoring Urinary Continence." American Journal of Nursing, 91(l), January, 28-34.

Newman, D.K., Smith, D.A.J. (1989) "Incontinence in Elderly Homebound Patients." Holistic Nursing Practice, 4(l), October, 52-60.

Newman, D.K. (1989) "The Treatment of Urinary Incontinence in Adults." The Nurse Practitioner, June:21-32.

Women & Incontinence

ARTIFICIAL URINARY SPHINCTER

Brito CG, Mulcahy JJ, Mitchell ME, Adams MC. (1993) Use of a double cuff AMS800 urinary sphincter for severe stress incontinence. J Urol;149:283-5.

DiMarco, D., Elliott, D. (2003) Tandem Cuff Artificial Urinary Sphincter as a Salvage Procedure Following Failed Primary Sphincter Placement for the Treatment of Post-Prostatectomy Incontinence. Journal of Urology. 170,1252-1254.

Karram MM, Rosenzweig BA, Bhatia NN. (1993) Artificial urinary sphincter for recurrent/severe stress incontinence in women. J Reprod Med. 38:791-4.

Parulkar BG, Barrett DM. (1990) Application of the A-800 artificial sphincter for intractable urinary incontinence in females. Surg Gynecol Obstet; 171:131.

Smith, J., Barrett, D. (2002). Implantation of the artificial genitourinary sphincter. Campbell’s Urology. Patrick C. Walsh, (Ed):1187-1194.

Wang Y, Hadley HR.(1991) Management of persistent or recurrent urinary incontinence after placement of artificial urinary sphincter. J Urol. 146:1005-6.

Webster GD, Perez LM, Khoury JM, Timmons SL. (1992)Management of type II stress urinary incontinence using artificial urinary sphincter. Urology.39:499-503.

Abrams P, Cardozo L, Fall M, et al. (2003) The standardisation of terminology in lower urinary tract function: report from the standardisation sub-committee of the International Continence Society. Urology.61:37-49.

Abrams P., Cardozo, L, Fall, M, Griffiths, D, Rosier, P, Ulmsten, U, et.al. (2002) The standardisation of terminology of lower urinary tract function. Neurourology and Urodynamics. 21:167-178.

Agarwal, P., Rosenberg, M.L. (2003) Neurological evaluation of urinary incontinence in the female patient. Neurologist, 9(2):110-117.

Aukee, P., Penttinen, J., Airaksinen, O. (2003) The effect of aging on the electromyographic activity of pelvic floor muscles. A comparative study among stress incontinent patients and asymptomatic women. Maturitas. 44:253-257.

Bradley, C., Rovner, E. (2004) Urodynamically defined stress urinary incontinence and bladder outlet obstruction coexist in women. The Journal of Urology. 171:757-761.

Brink, CA, Sampselle, CM, Wells, TJ, Diokno, AC, Gillis, GL.(1989) A digital test for pelvic muscle strength in older women with urinary incontinence. Nursing Research, 38(4), July/August:196-199.

Brink, CA, Wells, J, Sampselle, CM.et.al. (1994) Digital test for pelvic muscle strength in women with urianry incontinence Nursing Research 43:352-356.

Brown, JS, McNaughton, KS, Wyman, JF, et al. (2003) Measurement characteristics of a voiding diary for use by men and women with overactive bladder. Urology 61(4):802-809.

Clarke Secor, M. (1999) Part 2: the bimanual pelvic examination. Patient Care for the Nurse Practitioner. Pp. 14-16.

Coombes GM, Millard RJ. (1992) The accuracy of portable ultrasound scanning in the measurement of residual urine volume. J Urol. 94;152:2083-5.

Cooper, G., Watt, E. (2003) An exploration of acute care nurses’ approach to assessment and management of people with urinary incontinence. JWOCN. 30(6): 305-13.

Ireton RC, Krieger JN, Cardenas DD, Williams-Burden B, Kelly E, Souci T, Chapman WH. (1990) Bladder volume determination using a dedicated, portable ultrasound scanner. J Urol. 143(5):909-11.

Esa A, Kiwamoto H, Sugiyama T, Park YC, Kaneko S, Kurita T. (1991) Functional electrical stimulation in the management of incontinence: studies of urodynamics. Int Urol Nephrol.;23:135-41.

Fonda D, Brimage PJ, D'Astoli M. (1993) Simple screening for urinary incontinence in the elderly: comparison of simple and multichannel cystometry. Urology. Nov;42(5):536-40.

Gray M. (2003) The importance of screening, assessing, and managing urinary incontinence in primary care. J Am Acad Nurse Pract. 15:102-107.

Larson G, Victor A. (1992) The frequency-volume chart in genuine stress in continent women. Neurourol Urodyn. 1:23-31.

Mason DJ, Newman DK, Palmer MH. (2003) Changing UI practice. Am J Nurs. 2003;103:11.

McBride, AW, Li, J., Gutman, R. (2003) Anatomy of the pelvis. J Pelvic Med Surg. 9:103-123

Miller, J, Kasper, C, Sampselle, C, (1994) Review of muscle physiology with application to pelvic muscle exercise. Urologic Nursing, 14(3), September:92-97.

Nichols, D., Genadry, R., (1993) Pelvic relaxation of the posterior compartment. Cur Opin in Ob & Gyn:5:458.

Ouslander JG, Simmons, Tuico E, Nigam JG, Fingold S, Bates-Jensen B, Schnelle JF. (1994) Use of a portable ultrasound device to measure post-void residual volume among incontinent nursing home residents. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 42(11):1189-92.

Penn, C., et al. (1996) Assessment of urinary incontinence. Journal of Gerontological Nursing. Pp:8-19.

Pfister, S.M. (1999) Bladder Diaries and Voiding Patterns in Older Adults. Journal of Gerontological Nursing. Pp: 36-41.

Prietto, NM., Luber, K. & Nager, CW. (2003) Simple yet simple thorough office evaluation of pelvic floor disorders. OBG Management. May;16(5):80-95.

Sampselle, CM. (2003) Teaching women to use a voiding diary. American Journal of Nursing. 103(11):62-64.

Shull, B. (2000) Clinical evaluation and physical examination of the incontinent woman. Journal of Pelvic Surgery 6 (6) 334-343.

Topper JR, Holliday PJ, Fernie GR. (1993) Bladder volume estimation in the elderly using a portable ultrasound-based measurement device. J Med Eng Technol . May;17(3):99-103.

Worth, AM., Doughery, MC., McKey, PL. (1986) Development and testing of the circumvaginal muscles rating scale. Nursing Research. May/June; 35(3):166-168.

Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nurses Society. (2003) Identifying and treating reversible causes of urinary incontinence. OstomyWound Management. 49(12):28-33,

Yoshimura, N., Chancellor, M. (2003) Neurophysiology of Lower Urinary Tract Function and Dysfunction. Reviews in Urology. 5(8):S3-S10.

Abidari, J.M., Shortliffe, L. (2002) Urinary incontinence in girls. Urol Clin N Am. 29:661-673.

Bakker, E., Van Gool, J.D., et al. (2002) Results of a questionnaire evaluating the effects of different methods of toilet training on achieving bladder control. BJU International. 90:456-461.

Brooks, L., Topol, H. (2003) Enureisis in children with sleep apnea. The Journal of Pediatrics. Pp. 515-518.

Butler, R., McKenna, S. (2002) Overcoming parental intoleraance in childhood nocturnal enuresis: a survery of professional opinion. BJU International. 89:295-297.

Butler, R.J. (2001) Combination therapy for nocturnal enuresis. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 35:364-369.

Butler, R.J. (2001) Impact of nocturnal enuresis on children and young people. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 35(3):169-176.

Chandra, M., Saharia, R., Shi, Q., Hill, V. (2002) Giggle incontinence in children: a manifestation of detrusor instability. Journal of Urology. 168:2184-2187.

Chin-Peuckert, L., Pipp Salle, J.L. (2001) A modified biofeedback program for children with detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia: a 5 year experience. Journal of Urology. 166:1470-1475.

Crimmins, CR, Rathbun, SR, Husmann, DA. (2003) Management of urinary incontinence and nocturnal enureisis in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Urology. 170:1347-1350.

De Paepe, M., Renson, C., Van Laecke, E. Van., Raes, A., Vande Walle, J., Hoebeke, P. (2000) Pelvic-floor therapy and toilet training in young children with dysfunctional voiding and obstipation. BJU International. 85:889-893.

De Wachter, S., Vermandel, A., De Moerloose, K., Wyndaele, J. (2002) Value of increase in bladder capacity in treatment of refractory monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis in children. Urology. 60(6):1090-1094.

Duel, B., Steinberg-Epstein, R., Hill, M., Lerner, M. (2003) A survey of voiding dysfunction in children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Urology. 170:1521-1524.

Erickson, DV, Ray, LD. (2004) Children with chronic continence problems. WOCN. 31(4):215222.

Ferguson, DM, Horwood, LJ, Shannon, FT. (1986) Factors related to the age of attainment of nocturnal bladder control: an 8-year longitudinal study. Pediatrics. 78(5):884-890.

French, LM. (2003) Is alarm intervention effective in the treatment of enuresis? American Family Physician. 65(9):1798-1799.

Glazener, C, Evans, J, Peto, R. (2004) Treating nocturnal enuresis in children. Review of evidence. WOCN. 31(4):223-234.

Hagloff, B., Andren, O., Bergstrom, L., Wendelius, M. (1997) Self-esteem before and after treatment in children with nocturnal enuresis and urinary incontinence. Scan J Urol Nephrol. 183:79-82.

Hellerstein, S., Linebarger, J. (2003) Voiding dysfunction in pediatric patients. Clinical Pediatrics. January/February pp. 43:49.

Hjalmas, K., Hellstrom A.L., Mogren, K., Lackgren, G., Stenberg, A. (2001) The overactive bladder in children: a potential future indication for tolerodine. BJU International. 87:569-574.

Hoekx, L., Vermandel, A., Jacques Wyndaele, J. (2003) Functional bladder capacity after bladder biofeedback predicts long-term outcome in children with nocturnal enuresis. Scan J Urol Nephrol. 37:120-123.

Hoecke, E., Baeyens, D., Walle, J., Hoebeke, P., Roeyers, H. (2003) Socioeconomic status as a common factor underlying the association between enureisis and psychopathology. Development and Behavioral Pediatrics. 24(2):109-114.

Hogg, R., Landa, H., Kaplan, G., Schulman, S., Packer, M. (2000) Nocturnal enuresis: evaluation, education and treatment. Contemporary Ped Suppl. 17(4):4-17.

Hvistendahl, CM, Rawashdeh, YF, Kamperis, K., Hansen, MN, Rittig, S., Djurhuus. (2002) The relationship between demospressin treatment and voiding pattern in children. BJU International. 89:917-922.

Jalkut, M., Lerman, S., Churchill, B. (2001) Enureisis. Pediatric Clinics of North America. 48(6):1461-1489.

Jensen, I.N., Kristensen, G. (2001) Frequency of nightly wetting and the efficiency of alarm treatment of nocturnal enuresis. Scan J Urol Nephrol. 35:357-363.

Kerrebroeck, P.E.V. (2002) Experience with the long-term use of desmopressin for nocturnal enuresis in children and adolescents. BJU International. 89:420-425.

Kuh, D., Cardozo, L., Hardy R. (1999) Urinary incontinence in middle aged women: childhood enuresis and other lifetime risk factors in a British prospective cohort. J Epidemiol Community Health. 53:453-458.

Loening-Baucker, V. (1997) Urinary incontinence and urinary tract infection and their resolution with treatment of chronic constipation of childhood. Pediatrics. 100:228-232.

Macaulay, M., Pettersson, L., Fader, M., Brooks, R., Cottenden, A. (2004) A multicenter evaluation of absorbent products for children with incontinence and disabilities. WOCN. 31(4):235-244.

Mondo JM, Husmann DA. Primary nocturnal enuresis: A comparison among observations, Imipramine, desmopressin acetate and bedwetting alarm systems. J Urol. 154:745-67.

Nappo, S., Del Gado, R., Chiozza, M.I., Biragh, M., Perrera, P., Caione, P. (2002) Nocturnal enuresis in the adolescent: a neglected problem. BJU International. 90:912-917.

Nijman, RJM. (2000) Classification and treatment of functional incontinence in children. BJU International. 85, Suppl 3:37-42.

Nijman, RJM. (2004) Role of antimuscarinics in the treatment of nonneurogenic daytime urinary incontinence in children. Urology. 63(Suppl 3A):45-50.

Pereira, P. Lopez, Miguelez, C., Caffarati, J., Estornell, F., Anguera, A. (2003) Trospium chloride for the treatment of detrusor instability in children. Journal of Urology. 170:1978-1981.

Redsell, S.A., Collier, J., Garrud, P., Evans,J.H.C., Cawood, C. (2003) Multimedia versus written information for nocturnal enuresis education. Child: Care, Health & Development. 29(2)121-129.

Rogers, J. (2003) An Overview of the management of nocturnal enuresis in children. Clinical.Nursing: 898-903.

Sanders, C. (2002) Choosing continence products for children. Nursing Standard. 16(32).

Schulman, S., Von Zuben, F.C., Plachter, N., Kodman-Jones, C. (2001) Biofeedback methodology: does it matter how we teach children how to relax the pelvic floor during voiding? The Journal of Urology. 166:2423-2426.

Serel, T., Perk, H., Koyuncuoglu, H., Kosar, A., Celik, K., Deniz, N. (2001) Acupuncture therapy in the managment of persistent primary nocturnal enuresis. Scan J Urol Nephrol. 35:40-43.

Suhkai RN, Mol J, Harris J. (1989) Combination therapy of enuresis alarm and demopressin in the treatment of nocturnal enuresis. Eur J Peds. 148:465-67.

Sureshkumar, P., Bower, W., Craig, J., Knight, J. (2003) Treatment of daytime urinary incontinence in children: a systemati8c review of randomized controlled trials. The Journal of Urology. 170:196-200.

Sureshkumar, P., Craig, J., Roy, L. Paul, Knight, J. (2000) Daytime urinary incontinence in primary school children: a population-based survey. The Journal of Pediatrics. 137(6):814-818.

Theunis, M., Van Hoecke, E. Van., Paesbrugge, S., Hoebeke, P., Vande Walle, J. (2002) Self-Inage and Performance in Children with Nocturnal Enuresis. Europen Urology. 41:660-667.

Thiedke, C. (2003) Nocturnal enuresis. American Family Physician. 67(7):1499-1506.

Van Tijen, NM, Messer APJ, Nander Z. (1998) Perceived stress of nocturnal enuresis in childhood. Br J Urol. 81(Suppl 3):98-99.

Von Gontard, A., Schaumburg, H., Hollmann, E., Eiberg, H., Rittig, S. (2001) The genertics of enureisis: a review. The Journal of Urology. 166:2438-2443.

Weiner, J. Scales, M., Hampton, J., King, L., Surwit, R., Edward, C. (2000) Long-term efficacy of simple behavioral therapy for daytime wetting in children. The Journal of Urology. 164:786-790.

Yeung, Chung-kwong. (2003) Nocturnal enuresis. Current Opinion in Urology. 13:337-343.

Youdim, K., Kogan, B. (2002) Preliminary study of the safety and efficacy of extended-release Oxybutynin in children. Urology 59 (3):428-432.

Baigis-Smith, J., Smith, D.A., Rose, M., Newman, D.K. (1989) Managing urinary incontinence in community-residing elderly persons. Gerontologist. 29(2): 229-233

Berghamns, LCM, Hendricks, HJM, Bo K. (1998) Conservative treatment of stress urinary incontinence in women: a systematic review of randomize clinical trails Br J Urol. 82:181-191.

Berghamns, LCM, Hendricks, HJM, De Bie RA, VanWaalwijk, ESC, Van Doorn, Bo, K., Van Kerrebroeck, PhEV. (2000) Conservative treatment of urge urinary incontinence in women: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. BJU International. 85, 254-263.

Bo, K., Talseth, T., Holme, T. (1999). Single blind, randomized controlled trial of pelvic floor exercises, electrical stimulation, vaginal cones, and no treatment in management of genuine stress incontinence in women. BMJ. 318(20):487-493.

Burgio K., Locher J., Goode P. (2000) Combined behavioral and drug therapy for urge Incontinence in older women. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society , 2000; 48: 370-374

Burgio, KL, Goode, PS, Locher, JL, Richter, HE, Roth, DL, Wright, KC, Verner, RE. (2003) Predictors of outcome in the behavioral treatment of urinary incontinence in women. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 102(5)940-947.

Burgio, K.L., Locher, JL., Goode, PS, Hardin, JM, McDowell, BJ, Dombrowski, M et.al. (1998) Behavioral vs Drug Treatment for Urge Urinary Incontinence in Older Women. JAMA.;280(23):1995-2000.

Burgio, K.L., Engel, B.T. (1990) Biofeedback-assisted behavioral training for elderly men and women. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society . 38:338-340.

Burgio KL. (2002) Influence of behavior modification on overacive bladder. Urology. 60(Suppl 5A):72-76.

Burgio, KL, Goode, P. (1997) Behavioral Interventions for Incontinece in Ambulatory Geriatric Patients. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 314(4):257-261.

Burns P. A., et al. (1990). Treatment of stress incontinence with pelvic exercises and biofeedback. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society . 38(30). 341-3

Burton J, Pearce L, Burgio KL, Engel BT, Whitehead WE. (1988) Behavioral training for urinary incontinence in elderly, ambulatory patients. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society ;36(8):693-8.

Cardozo, L.D. (2000) Biofeedback in Overactive Bladder. Urology. 55(Suppl A):24-28.

Colling JC, Newman DK, McCormick KA, Pearson BD. (1992) Behavioral management strategies for urinary incontinence. J Et Nurse;18:3-10.

Dougherty M, Bishop K, Abrams, KR., et.al. (1989) The effect of exercise on the circumvaginal muscles in postpartum women. J of Nurse-Midwifery. 34(8-14).

Glavind, K., Nohr, S.B., Walter, S. (1996) Biofeedback and physiotherapy versus physiotherapy alone in the treatment of genuine stress urinary incontinence. Int Urogynecol J. 7:339-343.

Holtedahl, K, Verelst, M & Schiefloe, A. (1998) A population based, randomized, controlled trial of conservative treatment for urinary incontinence in women. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scand. 77:671-77.

Kegel, A. (1948). Progressive resistance exercise in the functional restoration of the perineal muscles. American J. of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 56. 238-248.

Kegel, A.H. (1951) Physiologic therapy for urinary incontinence JAMA; 146:915-917.

McDowell, B.J., Engberg, S., Sereika, S., Donovan, N., Jubeck, ME, Weber, E., Engberg, R., (1999) Effectiveness of behavioral therapy to treat incontinence in homebound older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 47:309-318.

McDowell BJ, Engberg S, Weber E, Brodak I, Engberg R. (1994) Successful treatment using behavioral interventions of urinary incontinence in homebound older adults. Geriatr Nurs. 15(6):303-7.

McDowell, B.J., Burgio, K.L., Dombrowski, M., Locher, J.L., Rodriguez, E., (1992) An Interdisciplinary approach to the assessment and behavioral treatment of urinary incontinence in geriatric outpatients. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 40:370-374.

Middaugh SJ, Whitehead WE, Burgio KL, Engel BT. (1989) Biofeedback in treatment of urinary incontinence stroke patients. Biofeedback Self Regul. 14(1):44-51.

Morkved, S., Bo, K., Fjortoft, T. (2002) Effect of adding biofeedback to pelvic muscle exercise training to treat urodynamic stress incontinence. Obstetrics & Gynecology . October;100(4):730-739.

Fried GW, Goetz G, Potts-Nulty S, Cioschi HM, Staas WE, Jr. (1995) A behavioral approach to the treatment of urinary incontinence in a disabled population. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 76:1120-1124.

O'Donnell P, Doyle R. (1991) Biofeedback therapy technique for treatment of urinary incontinence. Urology 37:432-.

Philips, H.C., Fenster, H.N., Samson, D. (1992) An effective treatment for functional urinary incoordination. Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 15(1):45-63.

Reilley S. (1999) Treatment of urinary incontinence using behavioral techniques. Obstet Gynecol. (supplement):535.

Rose, M. Baigis-Smith, J, Smith, D., & Newman, D. (1990) Behavioral management of urinary incontinence in homebound older adults. Home Healthcare Nurse. 8:10-15.

Sampselle CM. (2003) Behavioral interventions in young and middle-age women: simple interventions to combat a complex problem. Am J Nurs. 3(suppl):9-19.

Sampselle CM. (2003) Behavioral interventions: the first-line treatments for women with urinary incontinence. Curr Urol Rep. Oct; 4(5):356-61.

Sampselle CM. (2000) Behavioral intervention for urinary incontinence for women: evidence for practice. J Midwifery & Women’s Health. 45(2):94-103.

Schwartz MS. (1995) Biofeedback: practitioner's guide. New York: Guilford Press.

Subak LL, Quesenberry CP, Posner SF, Cattolica E, Soghikian K. (2002) The effect of behavioral therapy on urinary incontinence: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 100:72-78.

Wilson PD, Bo K, Hay-Smith J, Nygaard I, Staskin D, Wyman J, Bourcier A. (2000) Conservative treatment in women. In: P. Abrams, L. Cardozo, S. Khoury, & A. Wein (Eds), Incontinence. Proceedings from the Second International Consultation on Incontinence. Plymouth UK: Health Publication:571-624.

Wyman, JF, Fantl, JA, McClish, DK, Bump, RC (1998) Comparative efficacy of behavioral interventions in the management of female urinary incontinence. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 179(4):999-1007.

Wyman JF. (2003) Treatment of urinary incontinence in men and older women. American Journal of Nursing, (suppl):26-35.

Anton, H., Chambers, K., Clifton, J., Tasaka, J. (1998) Clinical utility of a portable ultrasound device in intermittent catheterization. Arch Phys Med Rehabil . (79). 172-175. Feb.

Colling J. (1996) Noninvasive techniques to manage urinary incontinence among care-dependent persons. JWOCN 23(6):302-308.

Coombes, G. M. Millard, R. J. (1994) The accuracy of portable ultrasound scanning in the measurement of residual urine volume. Journal of Urology 152: 2083-2085.

Goode, PS., Locher, JL., Bryant, RL., Roth., DL., Burgio, KL (2000) Measurement of postvoid residual urine with portable transabdominal bladder ultrasound scanner and urethral catheterization. Int Urogynecol J 11(5): 296-300.

Lewis, N. A. (1995) Implementing a bladder ultrasound program. Rehabilitation Nursing 20(4): 215-217. Jul/Aug.

Marks, LS, Dorey, FJ, Macairan, ML, Park, C, Dekernion, JB. (1997) Three-Dimensional Ultrasound Device for Rapid Determination of Bladder Volume. Urology, 50(3):341-348.

Moore, DA, & Edwards, K. (1997) Using a portable bladder scan to reduce the incidence of nosocomial urinary tract infections. MEDSURG Nursing, 6. 39-43.

Ouslander, J. G. et al. (1994) Use of portable ultrasound device to measure post-void residual volume among incontinent nursing home residents. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 42: 1189-1192.

Resnick, B. (1995) A Bladder Scan Trial in Geriatric Rehabilitation. Rehabilitation Nursing 20(4): 194-196.

Wagner, M. Schmid, M. (1997) Exploring the research base and outcome measures for portable bladder ultrasound technology. MEDSURG Nursing 6 (5): 304-314.

Woolridge, L. (2000) Ultrasound technology and bladder dysfunction. American Journal of Nursing, June (suppl): 3-14.

Fantl, JA, Wyman JF, McClish DK, Harkins SW, Elswick RK, Taylor JR, et al. (1991) Efficacy of bladder training in older women with urinary incontinence. JAMA;265(5):609-13.

Ferrie BG, Smith JS, Logan D, Lyle R, Paterson PJ. (1984) Experience with bladder training in 65 patients. Br J Urol;56:482-4.

Glenn, J. (2003) Restorative nursing bladder ning program: recommending a strategy. Rehabilitation Nurisng; January/February, 28(1):15-22..

Mattiasson, A., Blaakaer, J., Hoye, K., Wein, AJ and the Tolterodine Scandinavian Study Group. (2003) Simplified bladder training augments the effectiveness of tolterodine in patients with an overactive bladder. BJU International. 91:54-60.

Roe, B. Williams, K. Palmer, M. (2002) Bladder training for urinary incontinence in adults.Cochrane Incontinence Group, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Issue 2.

Sale PG, Wyman JF. (1994) Achievement of goals associated with bladder training by older incontinent women. Research Briefs. 93-96.

Tobani L., Fantl J.A. (1999) Urinary Incontinence in women and the use of bladder training for its management. Mature Medicine, March/April. 90-93

Visco, AG., Weidner, AC., Cundiff, GW& Bump, RC. (1999) Observed patient compliance with a structured bladder retraining program. Obstetrics & Gynecol; 181(6):1392-4.

Wyman, JF &Fantl, JA. (1991) Bladder training in ambulatory care management of urinary incontinence. Urologic Nursing, 11:11-17.

Beitz, JM. (1997) Ask the experts. Based on the literature and research, what is the best intervention for caring for the fecally incontinent patient? Are rectal Foley’s recommended. Crit Care Nurse:17(4):86-89

Byrne, CM, Pager, CK, Rex, J., et al. (2002) Assessment of Quality of Life in the Treatment of Patients With Neuropathic Fecal Incontinence. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum. 45(11):1431-1436.

Chiaroni, G., Scattolini, C., Bonfante, F., Vantini, I. (1993) Liquid stool incontinence with severe urgency: anorectal function and effective biofeedback treatment. Gut:.34:1576-80.

Cook, TA & Mortensen, NJ. (1998) Management of fecal incontinence following obstetric injury. Br J Surg; 85:293.

Cornes, et. al. (1991) Changes in anal canal sensation after childbirth. Br J Surg. 78:74.

Drossman, DA. (1989) What can be done to control incontinence associated with the irritable bowel syndrome? Am J. Gastroent, 84:355-357.

Drossman, DA., Liz, Andruzzi, E., Temple, RD., Talley, NJ et.al. (1993) U.S. Householder survey of functional disorders: prevalence, sociodemography and health impact. Dig. Dis. & Sciences., 38:1569-80.

Enck, P. (1993) Biofeedback training in disordered defecation: A critical review. Dig Dis Sci:38:1953-1960

Handa, MA. (1996) Protecting the pelvic floor: obstetric management to prevent incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse. Obstet Gynecol; 88:470.

Jameson, JS., Chia, YW., Kamm, MA., Speakman, CTM., Chye, YH., Henry, MM. (1994) Effect of age, sex and parity on anorectal function. Br J Surg, 81:1689-92.

Johanson, JF., Lafferty, J. (1996) Epidemiology of fecal incontinence: the silent affliction. Am J. Gastroent, 91:33-36.

Jorge, JMN., Wexner, SD. (1993) Etiology and management of fecal incontinence. Dis. Colon Rectum, 36:77-79.

Kamm, MA. (1994) Obstetric damage and fecal incontinence. Lancet; 344:730.

Kok ALM, Voorhorst, FJ, Burger, CW, van Houten P,m Kenemans, P, Jansens, J. (1992) Urinary and Fecal incontinence in community-residing elderly women. Age & Aging; 14:65-70.

Madoff, RD, Pemberton, JP. (2000) Constipation and Outlet Obstruction. Journal of Pelvic Surgery. 6(2):74-85.

Madoff, RD, Williams, JG, Caushaj, PF. (1992) Current Concepts: Fecal Incontinence. NEJM;326:1002-7.

Manning, J., Eyers, A., Korda, A., et al. (2001) Is there an association between fecal incontinence and lower urinary dysfunction? Dis Colon Rectum 44(6):790-798.

Matzel, KE., Stadelmaier, U., Hohenfellner, M., Gall, FP. (1995) Electrical stimulation of sacral spinal nerves for treatment of fecal incontinence. Lancet: 346:1124-1127.

Meschia, M, Buonaguidi, A., Pifarotti, P., et al. (2002) Prevalence of Anal Incontinence in Women with Symptoms of Urinary Incontinence and Genital Prolapse. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 100(4):719-723.

Nelson, RL, Norton, N., Cautley, E & Fumer, S. (1995) Community based prevalence of anal incontinence. JAMA;274:559-562.

Nelson, RL, Fumer, S. & Jesudason, V. (1998) Fecal incontinence in Wisconsin nursing homes. Dis. Dolon. & Rectum; 41:1226-1229

Nyam, DC., Pemberton, JH., Stanhope, CR. (1997) Anterior sphincter repair for obstetric-related fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum:40:A9.

Rao, SS, Enck, P., Loening-Baucke, N. (1997) Biofeedback therapy for defecation disorders. Dig Dis Sci:15 (Suppl.1):78-92.

Reilly, WT, Talley, NJ.,Pemberton, JH. (1995) Fecal incontinence: prevalence and risk factors in the community. Gastroenterology; 108:A32.

Rogers, J., Levy, DM., Henry, MM., et al. (1998) Pelvic floor neuropathy: A comparative study of diabetes mellitus and idiopathic faecal incontinence. Gut; 29:756-761.

Ross, V., (1993) The fecal containment device: one answer to a dreaded procedure. Ost Wound Mgmt:37(7): 42-46.

Setti Carraro, P., Kamm, MA., Nicholls, RJ. (1994) Long term results for postanal repair for neurogenic fecal incontinence. Br J Surg.:87:140-144.

Sultan, et.al. (1998) Occult anal sphincter trauma following randomized forceps and vacuum delivery. Int J Gynaecol Obstet; 61:113.

Sultan, et.al. (1993) Anal sphincter disruption during vaginal delivery. New Eng J Med; 329:1905.

Vaizay, CJ., Kamm, MA., Turner, IC., Nicholls, RJ., Woloszko, J. (1997) Sacral nerve stimulation for fecal incontinence: evaluation of short term efficacy and effect on anorectal function. Gastroenterol:;112:A842.

Wald A, (1995) Systemic disease causing disorders of defecation and continence. Sem Gastroint Dis 6: 194-202.

Williams, A., Adams, E., Bolderson, J., Tincello, D., Richmond, D. (2003) Effect of a new guideline on outcome following third-degree perineal tears: results of a 3-year audit. Int Urogynecol J. 14:385-389.

Burnett, A., Davila, G Willy, Newman, Diane, Hardestry, S. (2002) Clinical and Cost-Effective Strategies in the Management of Urinary Incontinence. Managed Care Consultant. 5-39.

Chen-Tina Shih, Y., Hartzema, A., Tolleson-Rinehart, S. (2003) Labor Costs Associated with Incontinence in Long-Term Care Facilities. Adult Urology. 62(3) 442-446.

Hu TW, Wagner TH, Bentkover JD. (2003) Estimated economic costs of overactive bladder in the United States. Urology. 2003;61:1123-1128.

Hu T. (1990) Impact of urinary incontinence on health-care cost. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 38:292-5.

Kelleher, C. (2002) Economic and Social Impact of OAB. European Urology Supp. 1:11-16.

Kinchen, K., Long, S., Orsini, L., Crown, W., Swindle, R. (2003) A retrospective claims analysis of the direct costs of stress urinary incontinence. Int Urogynecol J. 14:403-411.

Langa KM, Fultz NH, Saint S, Kabeto MU, Herzog AR. (2002) Informal caregiving time and costs for urinary incontinence in older individuals in the United States. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society . 50:733-737.

McCormick K, Cella M, Scheve A, Engel BT. (1990) Cost-effectiveness of treating incontinence in severely mobility-impaired long term care residents. Q Rev Bull. Dec:439-43.

Ruther M, Helbing C. (1988) Health care financing treads: Use and cost of home health services under Medicare. Health Care Financing Rev. 10:105-8.

Schnelle, JF, Kapur, K., Alessi, C., et al. (2003) Does an exercise and incontinence intervention save healthcare costs in a nursing home population? Journal of the American Geriatrics Society . 51:161-183.

Sowell VA, Schnelle JF, Hu TW, Traughber B. (1987) A cost comparison of five methods of managing urinary incontinence. Q Rev Biol. 411-4.

Wagner, TH, Hu, TW (1998) Economic costs of urinary incontinence in 1995. Urology, 51(3):355-361.

Wilson L, Brown JS, Shin GP, Luc KO, Subak LL. (2001) Annual direct cost of urinary incontinence. Obstet Gynecol. 98:398-406.

Wyman, JF. (1997) The ‘costs’ of urinary incontinence. European Urology. 32(suppl):13-19.

Abrams P, Freeman, R., Anderstrom, C., Mattiasson, A. (1998) Tolterodine, a new antimuscarinic agent: as effective but better tolerated than oxybutynin in patients with an overactive bladder. Br J Urol. 81:801–810.

Abrams, P., Malone-Lee, J., Jacquetrin, B., Wyndaele, J., Tammela, T., Jonas, U., Wein, A. (2001) Twelve-Month Treatment of Overative Bladder. Efficacy and Tolerability of Tolterodine. Drugs and Aging. 18(7):551-560.

Al-Badr A, Ross S, Soroka D, Drutz HP. (2003) What is the available evidence for hormone replacement therapy in women with stress urinary incontinence? J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 25:567-574.

Andersson KE, Yoshida M. (2003) Muscarinics and the overactive detrusor-which is the main mechanism of action? Eur Urol. 43(1):1-5.

Andersson K-E. (2004) Antimuscarinics for treatment of overactive bladder. Lancet Neurol. Jan;3(1):46-53.

Andersson K-E. (2000) Drug therapy for urinary incontinence. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 14(2):291-313.

Anderson RA, Mobley D, Blank B, et al. (1999) Once daily controlled versus immediate release oxybutynin chloride for urge urinary incontinence. J Urology. 161:1809-1812.

Appell RA. (1997) Clinical efficacy and safety of tolterodine in the treatment of overactive bladder: a pooled analysis. Urology. 50(suppl 6A):90-96.

Appell, R.A. (2000) Medical Treatment of Overactive Bladder. Mayo Clin Proc 75:1179-1180.

Appell, R. Chancellor, M., Zobrist, H. Thomas, H.. Sanders, S.. (2003) Pharmacokinetics, metabolism and saliva output during transdermal and extended-release oral oxybutynin administration in healthy subjects. Mayo Clinical Proceedings. 78:696-702.

Appell RA, Sand P, Dmochowski R, et al. (2001) Prospective randomized controlled trial
of extended-release oxybutynin chloride and tolterodine tartrate in the treatment of overactive bladder: results of the OBJECT Study. Mayo Clin Proc. 76:358-63.

Asif, M. Siddiqui A. Perry C. and Scott L. (2004) Oxybutynin extended-release. A review of its use in the management of overactive bladder. Drugs. 64(8):885-912.

Bennett, N., O’Leary, M., Patel, A., Xavier, M., Erickson, J., Chancellor, M. (2004) Can higher doses of Oxybutynin improve efficacy in neurogenic bladder? 171:749-751.

Cannon TW, Chancellor MB. (2002) Pharmacotherapy of the overactive bladder and advances in drug delivery. Clin Obstet Gynecol.45(1):205-17.

Cannon, T., Yoshimura, N., Chanellor, M. (2003) Innovations in pharmacotherapy for stress urinary incontinence. Int Urogynecol J. 14:367-372.

Cardozo L for the European YM905 Study Group. (2003) Solifenacin succinate improved symptoms of overactive bladder [abstract]. Int J Gynaecol Obstet.;83(suppl 3):94.

Cardozo L, Chapple CR, Toozs-Hobson P, Grosse-Freese M, Bulitta M, Lehmacher W, Strosser W, Ballering-Bruhl B, Schafer M. (2000) Efficacy of trospium chloride in patients with detrusor instability: a placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind, multicentre clinical trial. BJU Int. Apr;85(6):659-64.

Cardozo, L, Bachmann, G, McClish, D, et al., (1998) Meta-analysis of estrogen therapy in the management of urogenital atrophy in post-menopausal women: second report of the Hormones and Urogenital Therapy Committee, Obstetrics and Gynecology. 92(4 pt 2): 722-727.

Casper F, Petri E, and the Vaginal Ring Study Group. (1999) Local Treatment of Urogenital Atrophy with an Estradiol-Releasing Vaginal Ring: A Comparative and a Placebo-Controlled Multicenter Study. Int Urogynecol J. 10:171-176.

Chancellor M, Freedman, S., Mitcheson, D., Antoci, A., Primus, G., Wein, A. (2000) Tolterodine, an effective and well tolerated treatment for urge incontinence and other overactive bladder symptoms. Clin Drug Invest2000;19:83–91.

Chapple CR, Yamanishi T, Chess-Williams R. (2002) Muscarinic receptor subtypes and management of the overactive bladder. Urology. 60 (Suppl 5A):82-89.

Chapple CR, Rechberger T, Al-Shukri S, et al. (2004) Randomized, double-blind placebo- and tolterodine-controlled trial of the once-daily antimuscarinic agent solifenacin in patients with symptomatic overactive bladder. BJU Int. ;93:303-310.

Chapple CR. Muscarinic receptor antagonists in the treatment of overactive bladder. Urology. 2000;55(5A suppl):33-46.

Davila, G Willy, Daugherty CA, Sanders SW. (2001) A short-term, multicenter, randomized double-blind dose titration study of the efficacy and anticholinergic side effects of transdermal compared to immediate release oral oxybutynin treatment of patients with urge urinary incontinence. Journal of Urology. 166(1):140-145.

Diokno, A., Appell, R., Sand, P., Dmochowski, R., Gburek, B., Klimberg, I., Kell, S.. (2003) Prospective, randomized, double-blind study of the efficacy and tolerability of the extended-release formulations of oxybutynin and tolterodine for overactive bladder: results of the OPERA trial. Mayo Clinical Proceedings. 78:687-695.

Detke M, Y Lu, et al. (2002). Duloxetine, 60mg once daily for major depressive disorder: a double-blind placebo controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 63(4): 308-315.

Dmochowski RR, Miklos JR, Norton PA, Zinner NR. (2003) Duloxetine versus placebo for the treatment of North American women with stress urinary incontinence. J Urol. 170:1259-1263.

Dmochowski RR, Davila GW, Zinner NR, et al. (2002) Efficacy and safety of transdermal oxybutynin in patients with urge and mixed urinary incontinence. J Urology. 168:580-586.

Dmochowski, RR, Staskin, DR. (2002). Advances in Drug Delivery: Improved Bioavailability and Drug Effect. Current Urology Reports. 3:439-444.

Dmochowski, RR. (2004) Duloxetine: a summary of published clinical experience. Reviews in Urology. 6(Suppl 3):S56-S63.

Donnellan CA, Fook L, McDonald P, Playfer JR. (1997) Oxybutynin and cognitive dysfunction. BMJ. 315:1363-1364.

Drutz HP, Appell RA, Gleason D, Klimberg I, Radomski S. (1999) Clinical efficacy and safety of tolterodine compared to oxybutynin and placebo in patients with overactive bladder. Int Urogynecol J. 10:283-289.

Eglen, R., Choppin, A., Watson, N. (2001) Therapeutic opportunities from muscarinic receptor research. Trends. 22(8):409-414.

Fantl JA, Bamp RC, Robinson D, et al. (1996) Efficacy of estrogen supplementation in the treatment of urinary incontinence. Obset Gynecol.;88:745-749.

Fantl JA, Cardozo L, McClish DK, (1994) Hormones and Urogenital Therapy Committee. Estrogen therapy in the management of urinary incontinence in postmenopausal women: a meta-analysis: first report of the hormones and urogenital therapy committee. Obstet Gynecol. 83:12-8.

Freeman, R., Hill, S., Millard, R., Slack, M., Sutherst, J. (2003) Reduced Perception of Urgency in Treatment of Overactive Bladder With Extended-Release Tolterodine. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. 102(3):605-611.

Freedman S, Mitcheson HD, Antoci J, Primus G, Chancellor MF, Wein A. (2000) Tolterodine, an effective and well tolerated treatment for urge incontinence and other overactive bladder symptoms. Clin Drug Invest. 19:83-91.

Gleason, D., Susset, J., White, C., Munoz, D., Sand, P. (1999) Evaluation of a New Once-Daily Formulation of Oxybutynin for the Treatment of Urinary Urge Incontinence. Urology. 54(3):420-423.

Goes VR, Sartori MG, Baracat EC, Rodriguez de Lima G, Girao MJ. (2003) Urodynamic and clinical evaluation of postmenopausal women with stress urinary incontinence before and after cyclic estrogen therapy. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 30:103-106.

Guay, D. (2003) Clinical pharmacokinetics of drugs used to treat urge incontinence. Clin Pharmacol. 42(14)1244-1285.

Haab F, Stewart L, Dwyer P. (2004) Darifenacin, an M3 selective receptor antagonist, is an effective and well-tolerated once-daily treatment for overactive bladder. Eur Urol.;45:420-429.

Halaska, M., Ralph, G., Wiedemann, A., Primus, G., Ballering-Bruhl, B., Hofner, K., Jonas, U. (2003) Controlled, double-blind, multicentre clinical trial to investigate ong-term tolerability and efficacy of trospium chloride in patients with detrusor instability. World J Urology. 20:392-399.

Harvey, M., Baker, K., Wells, G. (2001) Tolertodine versus Oxybutynin in the treatment of urge urinary incontinence: A meta-analysis. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 186(1): 56-61.

Haeusler, G., Leitich, H., Trotsenburg, M., et al. (2002) Drug Therapy of Urinary Urge Incontinence: A Systematic Review. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. 100(5):1003-1016.

Herbison, P. Hay-Smith, J., Ellis, G., Moore, K. (2003) Effectiveness of anticholinergic drugs compared with placebo in the treatment of overactive bladder: systematic review. BMJ. 326(19):1-7.

Hofner, K., Oelke, M., Machtens, S., Grunewald, V. (2001) Trospium chloride-an effective drug in the treatment of overactive bladder and detrusor hyperreflexia. World Journal of Urology. 19:336-343.

Jonas U, Hofner K, Madersbacher H, Holmdahl TH. (1997) y and safety of two doses of tolterodine versus placebo in patients with detrusor overactivity and symptoms
of frequency, urge incontinence, and urgency: urodynamic evaluation. World J Urol.;15:144-51

Jünemann KP, Al-Shukri S. (2000) Efficacy and tolerability of trospium chloride and tolterodine in 234 patients with urge-syndrome: a double-blind, placebo-controlled multicentre clinical trial. Neurourol Urodyn. 19:488-489

Katz IR, Sands LP, Bilker W, DiFilippo S, Boyce A, D’Angelo K. (1998) Identification of medications that cause cognitive impairment in older people: the case of oxybutynin chloride. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 46:8-13.

Kerrebroeck, P., Kreder, K., Jonas, U., Zinner, N., Wein, A. (2001) Tolterodine Once Daily: Superior Efficacy and Tolerability in the Treatment of the Overactive Bladder. Urology. 57(3)414-421.

Kreder, KJ, Brubaker, L, Mainprize, T. (2003) Tolterodine is equally effective in patients with mixed incontinence and those with urge incontinence alone. BJU International. 92:418-421.

Kuo HC. (2003) Effectiveness of intravesical resiniferatoxin for anticholinergic treatment refractory detrusor overactive due to nonspinal cord lesions. J Urol. 170:835-839 ).

Lackner, TE. (2000) Pharmacological Management of Urinary Incontinence. Annals of Long-Term Care. 8(2):29-37.

Landis, J., Kaplan, S., Swift, S., Versi, E. (2004) Effifacy of antimuscarinic therapy for overactive bladder with varying degrees of incontinence severity. 171:752-756.

Lawrence M, Guay DR, Benson SR, Anderson MJ. (2000) Immediate-release oxybutynin versus tolterodine in detrusor overactivity: a population analysis. Pharmacotherapy. 20:470-475.

Lopez Pereira, P., Miguelez, C., Caffarati, J., Estornell, F., Anguera, A. (2003) Trospium chloride for the treatment of detrusor instability in children. The Journal of Urology. 170:1978-1981.

MacDiarmid, S. (2003) Antimuscarinic therapy for the treatment of mixed incontinence. Reviews in Urology. 5(S8):S18-S25.

Madersbacher H, Stohrer M, Richter R, et al. (1995) Trospium chloride versus oxybutynin: a randomized, double-blind, multicenter trial in the treatment of detrusor hyper-reflexia. Br J Urol. 75:452-456.

Malone-Lee JG, Walsh JB, Maugourd MF. (2001) Tolterodine: a safe and effective treatment for older patients with overactive bladder. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society . 49:700-705.

Malone-Lee J, Shaffu B, Anand C, Powell C. (2001) Tolterodine: superior tolerability than and comparable efficacy to oxybutynin in individuals 50 years old and older with overactive bladder: a randomized controlled trial. J Urol. 165:1452-1456.

Malone-Lee J, Henshaw, D.J.E., Cummings, K. (2003) Urodynamic verification of an overactive bladder is not a prerequisite for antimuscarinic treatment response. BJU International. 92, 415-417.

Mattiasson A, Blaakaer J, Hoye K, Wein AJ; (2003) Tolterodine Scandinavian Study Group. Simplified bladder training augments the effectiveness of tolterodine in patients with an overactive bladder. BJU Int. Jan;91(1):54-60.

Murphy M, Carmichael AJ. (2000) Transdermal drug delivery systems and skin sensitivity reactions. Incidence and management. Am J Clin Dermatol. 1:361-368.

Nilvebrant L. (2000) The mechanism of action of tolterodine. Rev Contemp Pharmacother. 11:13–27.

Nitti, V. (2003) New developments in the treatment of overactive bladder. Reviews in Urology. 5(8):S1-S2.

Nitti, V. (2003) Transdermal therapy for overactive bladder: present and future. Reviews in Urology. 5(8):S31-S36.

Nitti, V. (2004) Duloxetine: a new pharmacologic therapy for stress urinary incontinence. Reviews in Urology. 6(Suppl 3):S48-S55.

Norton P, Zinner NR, Yalcin I, Bump RC, for the Duloxetine UI Study Group. (2002) Duloxetine versus placebo in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence. Amer J Obstet Gynecol. 187:40-48.

Ouslander, J.G., Maloney, C., Gravel, T.H., Rogers, L., Salamander, C.A. (2001) Implementation of a nursing home urinary incontinence management program with and without tolterodine." Journal of American Medical Directors Association. Sept/Oct ; 2: 207-214.

Primus G, Chancellor MF, Wein A. (2000) Tolterodine, an effective and well tolerated treatment for urge incontinence and other overactive bladder symptoms. Clin Drug Invest. 19:83-91.

Rembratt A, Norgaard JP, Andersson KE. (2003) Desmopressin in elderly patients with nocturia: short-term safety and effects on urine output, sleep and voiding patterns. BJU Int. May;91(7):642-6.

Robinson, D., Cardozo, L. (2003) Urogenital effects of hormone therapy. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 17(1):91-104.

Robninson, D., Cardozo, L. (2003) The role of estrogens in female lower urinary tract dysfunction. Urology. 62(Suppl 4A):45-51.

Rovner, ES, Wein, AJ. (2002) Once-Daily, Extended-Release Formulations of Antimuscarinic Agents in the Treatment of Overactive Bladder: A Review. European Urology. 41:6-14.

Rovner, ES, Wein, AJ. (2000) Modern pharmacotherapy of urge urinary incontinence in the USA: Tolterodine and Oxybutynin. BJU. 86:Suppl 2:44-54.

Rsao, J., Heilman, K. (2003) Transient Memory Impairment and Hallucinations Associated with Tolterodine Use. New England Journal of Medicine. 349:23, 2274-2275.

Schwantes, U., Topfmeier, P. (2000) Importance of pharmacological and pshyiochemical properties for tolerance of antimuscarninic drugs in the treatment of detrusor instability and detrusor hyperreflexia-Chances for improvement of therapy. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 37(5):209-218.

Schuessler, B., Baessler, K. (2003) Pharmacologic treatment of stress urinary incontinence: expectations for outcome. Urology. 62(Suppl 4A):31-38.

Shah D, Badlani G. (2002) Treatment of overactive bladder and incontinence in the elderly. Rev Urol ;4(Suppl 4):S38-S43.

Siami, P, Seidman, L., Lama, D. (2002) A multicenter, prospective, open-label study of tolerodine extended-release 4 mg for overactive bladder: the speed of onset of therapeutic assessment trial (STAT). Clinical Therapeutics. 24(4):616-628.

Siddiqui MA, Perry CM, Scott LJ. (2004) Oxybutynin extended-release: a review of its use in the management of overactive bladder. Drugs. 64(8):885-912.

Stern, J., Hsieh, Y., Schaeffer, A. (2004) Residual urine in an elderly female population: novel implications for oral estrogen replacement and impact on recurrent urinary tract infection. The Journal of Urology. 171:768-770.

Sussman D, Garely A. (2002) Treatment of overactive bladder with once-daily extended-
release tolterodine or oxybutynin: the Antimuscarinic Clinical Effectiveness Trial(ACET). Curr Med Res Opin.18:177-84.

Szonyi G, Collas DM, Ding YY, Malone-Lee JG. (1995) Oxybutynin with bladder retraining for detrusor instability in elderly people: a randomized controlled trial. Age Aging.24:287-291

Thor, KB. (2003) Serontonin and norepinephrine involvement in efferent pathways to the urethral rhabdosphincter: implications for treating stress urinary incontinence. Urology. 62(4A)3-9.

Thor KB, Katofiasc MA. (1995) Effects of duloxetine, a combined serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, on central neural control of lower urinary tract function in the chloralose-anesthetized female cat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 274:1014-1024.

Thuroff JW, Bunke B, Ebner A, Faber P, de Geeter P, Hannappel J, Heidler H, Madersbacher H, Melchior H, Schafer W. (1991) Randomized, double-blind, multicenter trial on treatment of frequency, urgency and incontinence related to detrusor hyperactivity: oxybutynin versus propantheline versus placebo. J Urol.;145(4):813-7.

Todorova A, Vonderheid-Guth B, Dimpfel W. (2001) Effects of tolterodine, trospium chloride, and oxybutynin on the central nervous system. J Clin Pharmacol.41:636-44.

Van Kerrebroeck P, Kreder K, Jones U, et al, for the Tolterodine Study Group. Tolterodine once-daily: superior efficacy and tolerability in the treatment of the overactive bladder. Urology. 2001;57:414-421.

Versi E, Appell, R., Mobley, D., Patton, W., Saltzstein, D., Ditropan XL Study Group. (2000) Dry mouth with conventional and controlled-release oxybutynin in urinary incontinence. Obstet Gynecol. 95:718–721.

Viktrup L, Pangallo BA, Detke MJ, Zinner NR. (2004) Urinary side effects of duloxetine in the treatment of depression and stress urinary incontinence. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry. 6(2):65-73.

Viktrup, L., Pangallo, B.A., Detke, M.J., Zinner, N.R. (2004) Urinary side effects of Duloxetine in the treatment of depression and stress urinary incontinence. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry. 6(2):65-73.

Viktrup L, Bump R: (2003) Pharmacological agents used for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence in women. Curr Med Res Opin. 19(6):485-490.

Wein, AJ. (2001) Pharmacological agents for the treatment of urinary incontinence due to overactive bladder. Exp Opin Invest Drugs. 10(1):65-83.

Wein, AJ, Rovner, ES. (2002). Pharmacologic management of urinary incontinence in women. Urologic Clinics of North America. 29:537-550.

Yarker YE, Goa KL, Fitton A. (1995) Oxybutynin: a review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and its therapeutic use in detrusor instability. Drugs and Aging. 6:243-262.

Zinner NR, Mattiasson A, Stanton SL. (2002) Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of extended-release once-daily tolterodine treatment for overactive bladder in older versus younger patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. May;50(5):799-807.

Zinner, N.R., Koke, S.C., Viktrup, L. (2004) Pharmacotherapy for stress urinary incontinence: present and future options.Drugs. 64(14):1503-1516.

Zinner, N., et al. (2004) Trospium chloride improves overactive bladder symptoms: a multicenter phase III trial. Journal of Urology. 171:2311-2315.

Bent AF, Sand, PK, Ostergard, DR, Brubaker, L. (1993) Transvaginal electrical stimulation in the treatment of genuine stress incontinence and detrusor instability. Int Urogynecol J . 14:9-13.

Blowman, C., Pickles, C., Emery, S., Creates, V., Towell, L. et.al. (1991) Prospective double blind controlled trial of intensive physiotherapy with and without stimulation of the pelvic floor in the treatment of genuine stress incontinence. Physiotherapy. 77: 661-664.

Bo K. (1998) Effect of electrical stimulation on stress and urge urinary incontinence: Clinical outcome and practical recommendations based on ramdomized controlled trials. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 77(168 suppl):3-11.

Bower, WF., Moore, KH. & Adams, RD. (1997) Randomised sham-controlled trial of two surface neuromodulation sites in women with detrusor instability. Neururology & Urodynamics. 16 (5): 428-429.

Brubaker, L, Benson, JT, Bent A, et al (1997) Transvaginal electrical stimulation for female urinary incontinence. Am J Obstet Gynecol, . 177:536-40.

Brubaker, L. (2000) Electrical Stimulation in overactive bladder. Urology. 55(Suppl 5A):17-23.

Eriksen BC. (1990) Electrostimulation of the pelvic floor in female urinary incontinence. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 69:359-60.

Fall M. (1998) Advantages and pitfalls of functional electrical stimulation. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scan. 77(168 suppl):16-21.

Fossberg E, Sorensen S, Ruutu M, Bakke A, Stien R, Henriksen L, Kinn AC. (1990) Maximal electrical stimulation in the treatment of unstable detrusor and urge incontinence. Eur Urol 1990;18:120-3.

Fried GW, Goetz G, Potts-Nulty S, Cioschi HM, Staas WE, Jr. (1995) A behavioral approach to the treatment of urinary incontinence in a disabled population. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 76:1120-1124.

Galloway NT, El-Galley RE, Sand PK, et al. (1999) Extracorporeal magnetic innervation therapy for stress urinary incontinence. Urology. 53:1108-11.

Goldberg RP, Sand PK. (2001) Electromagnetic pelvic floor stimulation for urinary incontinence and bladder disease. International Urogynecology Journal and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction. 12:401-404.

Goode, PS., Burgio, KL., Locher, JL., Roth, DL., Umlauf, MG., Richter, HE., Varner, RE., Lloyd, LK (2003) Effect of behavioral training with or without pelvic floor electrical stimulation on stress incontinence in women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. Jul 16; 290(3):395-7.

Indrekvam, S., Hunskaar, S. (2003) Home electrical stimulation for urinary incontinence: a study of the diffusion of a new technology. Urology. 62(Suppl 4A):24-30.

Knight, S., Laycock, J. & Naylor, D. (1998) Evaluation of neuromuscular electrical stimulation in the treatment of genuine stress incontinence. Physiotherapy. 84 (2): 61-71.

Lamhut P, Jackson TW, Wall LL. (1992) The treatment of urinary incontinence with electrical stimulation in nursing home patients: A pilot study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 40:48-52.

Luber, KM. & Wolde-Tsadik, G. (1997) Efficacy of functional electrical stimulation in treating genuine stress incontinence: A randomized clinical trial. Neururology & Urodynamics. 16: 543-551.

Richardson, DA., Miller, KL, Siegel, SW, Karram, MM, Blackwood, NB and Staskin, DR. (1996) Pelvic floor electrical stimulation: a comparison of daily and every-other-day therapy for genuine stress incontinence. Urology . 48; 110-118.

Sand PK, Richardson, DA., Staskin, DK, Swift, SE et al (1995) Pelvic floor electrical stimulation in the treatment of genuine stress incontinence: a multicenter, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 173:72-9.

Smith, JJ. (1996) Intravaginal stimulation randomized trial. Journal of Urology,. 155:127-130.

Yamanishi, T., Yasuda, K., Sakakibara, R., Hattori, T., Ito, H. & Murakami, S. (1997) Pelvic floor electrical stimulation in the treatment of stress incontinence: An investigational study and a placebo controlled double-blind trial. Journal of Urology. 158: 2127-2131.

Yamanishi, T., Yasuda, K., Sakakibara, R., Hattori, T. & Suda, S. (2000) Randomized, double-blind study of electrical stimulation for urinary incontinence due to detrusor overactivity. Urology. 55: 353-357.

Yamanishi T, Sakakibara R, Uchiyama T, Suda S, Hattori T, Ito H et al. (2000) Comparative study of the effects of magnetic versus electric stimulation on inhibition of detrusor overactivity. Urology. 56:777-781.

DuBeau CE, (2002) The continuum of urinary incontinence in an aging population. Geriatrics. 57(Suppl 1):12-17.

DuBeau CE. (1996) Interpreting the effect of common medical conditions on voiding dysfunction in the elderly. Urol Clin North Am. 23:11-18.

Dugan, E., Roberts, C., Cohen, S., Preisser, J., Davis, C., Bland, D. & Albertson, E. (2001). Why older community-dwelling adults do not discuss urinary incontinence with their primary care physicians. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 49(4), 462-465.

Mitteness, L. S. & Barker, J. C. (1995). Stigmatizing a "normal" condition: Urinary incontinence in late life. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 9(2), 188-210.

Palmer M, Myers, A., & Fedenko, K Urinary continence changes after hip-fracture repair. Clinical Nursing Research. 6(1). 8-24, 1997.

Palmer M. (2000) Interdisciplinary approaches to the treatment of urinary incontinence in older adults. Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation; 16:1-9.

Wyman, J., Elswick, R. K., Ory, M. G., Wilson, M. S. & Fantl, J. A. (1993). Influence of functional, urological, and environmental characteristics on urinary incontinence in community-dwelling older women. Nursing Research, 42(5), 270-275.

Abrams, L. Cardozo, S. Khoury, & A. Wein (Eds), (2002) Incontinence. Proceedings from the Second International Consultation on Incontinence. Plymouth UK: Health Publication.

Agency for Health Care Policy & Research, Public Health Service. (1992) Urinary Incontinence in Adults: Clinical Practice Guideline (AHCPR Pub. No. 92-0038) Rockville, MD: US Dept of Health and Human Services.

Association for Continence Advice. Guidelines for continence care. London: Association for Continence Advice;1993. p. 20.

Bayliss V, Cherry M, Locke R, Salter E. (2000) Pathways for continence care: development of pathways Br J Nurs, 9(17), 1165-1172.

Bland, DR, Dugan, E., Cohen, SJ, et al. (2003) The effects of implementation of the agency for health care policy and research urinary incontinence guidelines in primary care practices. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 51:979-984.

Button D, Roe B, Webb C, Frith T, Colin-Thome D, Gardner L. (1998) Consensus guidelines for the promotion and management of continence by primary health care teams: development, implementation and evaluation. J Adv Nurs. 27, 91-99

Fantl, JA, Newman, DK, Colling, J. et.al. "Urinary Incontinence in Adults: Acute and Chronic Management" Clinical Practice Guideline, No 2, 1996 Update, Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, AHCPR Publication No. 96-0682. March 1996.

Fantl, JA, Newman, DK, Colling, J. et.al. "Managing Acute and Chronic Urinary Incontinence", Clinical Practice Guideline, Quick Reference Guide for Clinicians, No 2, 1996 Update, Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, AHCPR Publication No. 96-0686. March 1996.

Hu T, Gabelko K, Weis KA, Fogarty TE, Diokno AC, McCormick KA. (1994) Clinical guidelines and cost implications—the case of urinary incontinence. Geriatr Nephrol Urol. 4:85-91.

Jirovec MM, Wyman JF, Wells TJ (1998) Addressing urinary incontinence with educational continence-care competencies. Image J Nurs Sch. 30, 375-8.

McCormick KA, Burgio K. (1984) Incontinence: an update on nursing care measures. J Gerontol Nurs. 10(10):16-23.

McCormick KA, Burgio LD, Engel BT, Scheve A, Leahy E. (1992) Urinary incontinence: an augmented prompted void approach. J Gerontol Nurs. Mar;18(3):3-10.

McCormick, K.A., Newman, D.K., Colling, J., Pearson, B.D. (1992) A Practice Guideline for Urinary Incontinence: The Challenge to Nurses. Urologic Nursing, 12(2), June, 40-45.

McCormick, K.A., Newman, D.., Colling J., Pearson, B.D. (1992) Clinical Guidelines/Urinary Incontinence in Adults. American Journal of Nursing, 92(10), October, 75-93.

National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Advisory Board. (1994) Barriers to rehabilitation of persons with end-stage renal disease or chronic urinary incontinence. Workshop summary report. March 7-9, Bethesda, MD.

National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Panel. (1989) Conference on Urinary Incontinence in Adults. JAMA. ,261: 2685-90.

National Institutes of Health. (1990) Urinary Incontinence in Adults. National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 38:265-72.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Healthy People 2000. National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives. DHHS Publication No. (PHS) 91-50212. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1990.

Williams KS, Assassa RP, Smith NKG, Jagger C, Perry S, Shaw C, Dallosso, H, McGrother, C., Clarke, M., Brittain, KR, Castleden, CM., Mayne, C. (2000) Development, implementation and evaluation of a new nurse-led continence service: a pilot study. J Clinical Nursing 9:566-573.

Carcio, H. (2003) Comprehensive Continence Care. The Nurse Practitioner’s Role. Advance for Nurse Practitioners. 11(10):26-35.

Cohen SJ, Robinson D, Dugan E, Howard G, Suggs PK, Pearce KF, Carroll DD, McGann P, Preisser J. (1999) Communication between older adults and their physicians about urinary incontinence J Gerontology. 54A(2): M34-M37.

Henderson J, Kashka S. (2000) Effect of knowledge, attitude, and belief on nurses’ practice regarding urinary incontinence in adults. Urol Nurs; 20: 291-298, 305.

Holroyd-Leduc JM, Straus SE. "Management of Urinary Incontinence in Women: Clinical Applications." JAMA. 2004;291:996-999.

Jacobs M, Wyman JF, Rowell P, Smith D. (1998) Continence nurses: A survey of who they are and what they do. Urologic Nursing;18(1):13-20.

Milne, JL, Moore, KN. (2003) An exploratory study of continence care services worldwide. International Journal of Nursing. 40:235-247.

Moore TF, Saltmarche A.(1993) Developing and testing an instrument to assess the information needs of persons with urinary incontinence. Perspectives. 17(1)2-6.

Moore, KH, O’Sullivan, RJ, Simons, A., Prashar, S., Anderson, P., Louey, M. (2003) Randomised controlled trial of nurse continence advisor therapy compared with standard urogynaecology regimen for conservative incontinence treatment: efficacy, costs and two year follow-up. BJOG 110:649-657.

Morishita L, Uman GC, Pierson CA. (1994) Education on adult urinary incontinence in nursing school curricula: can it be done in two hours? Nurs Outlook. 42:123-9.

Newman, D. K. (1996) Urinary incontinence management in the USA: the role of the nurse. Bri J Nursing . (2),Jan-Feb:78,80,82-88.

O'Brien J, Austin M, Sethi P, O'Boyle P. (1991) Urinary incontinence: prevalence, need for treatment, and effectiveness of intervention by nurse. BMJ Nov 23;303:1308-121.

Palmer MH. (1994) A health promotion perspective of urinary continence. Nurs Outlook. Jul/Aug;42(4):163-9.

Palmer MH, Bennett RG, Marks J, McCormick KA, Engel BT. (1994) Urinary incontinence: a program that works. J Long Term Care Admin. 22(2):19-25

Williams ME, Gaylord SA.(1990) Role of functional assessment in the evaluation of urinary incontinence: National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference on Urinary Incontinence in Adults, Bethesda, MD, October 3-5, 1988. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 38(3):296-9.

Williams KS, Assassa RP, Smith NK, Shaw C, Carter E. (1999) Educational preparation: specialist practice in continence care. Br J Nursing. 8(18), 1198 – 1207.

Bryant, CM., Dowell, CJ., Fairbrother, G. (2000) A randomized trial of the effects of caffeine upon frequency, urgency and urge incontinence. Neurourology and Urodynamics. 19: 501-502.

Bryant CM, Dowell CJ, Fairbrother G. (2002) Caffeine reduction eduction to improve urinary symptoms. British Journal of Nursing. 11(8):560-565.

Charach, G., Greenstein, Al., Rabinovich, P. Groskopf, I., Weintraub, M. (2001) Alleviating Constipation in the Elderly Improves Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms. Gerontology. 47:72-76.

Crieghton AM, Stanton SL. (1990) Caffeine: does it affect your bladder? Br J Urol;66:613-4.

Dallosso, HM, McGrother, CW, Matthews RJ, Donaldson, MMK, Leicestershire MRC Incontinence Study Group. (2003) The association of diet and other lifestyle factors with overactive bladder and stress incontinence: a longitudinal study in women. BJU International. 92:69-77.

Dowd, T.T., Campbell, J.M., Jones, J.A. (1996) Fluid intake and urinary incontinence in older community-dwelling women. Journal of Community Health Nursing. 13(3): 179-186.

Dwyer PL, Lee, ETC, Hay. DM. (1988) Obesity and urinary incontinence in women. British Journal Obstet Gynecol;95:91-6.

Elia, G., Dye, TD., Scariati, PD. (2001) Body mass index and urinary symptoms in women. Int Urogyncol J; 12:366-69.

Engberg, SJ., McDowell, BJ., Burgio, KL., Watson, JE., Belle, S. (1995) Self-care behaviors of older women with urinary incontinence. Journal Gerontolgical Nursing; 21(8):7-14.

James, JE, Sawczuk, D, Merrett, S. (1989) The effect of chronic caffeine consumption on urinary incontinence in psychogeriatric inpatients. Psychol Health; 3:297-305.

Johnson, TM., Kincade, JE., Bernard, SL., Busby-Whitehead, J., DeFriese, GH. (2000) Self-care practices used by older men and women to manage urinary incontinence: results from the national follow-up survey on self-care and aging, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society , 48(8):894-902.

Norton P, Baker JE. (1994) Postural changes can reduce leakage in women with stress urinary incontinence. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 84(5):770-774.

Nygaard, I. Bryant, C. Dowell, C. Wilson, PD. (2002) Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of urinary incontinence in adults. Cochrane Incontinence Group, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Issue 2.

Roe, B., Doll, H., (1999) Lifestyle factors and continence status: comparison of self-report data from a postal survey in England.,.JWOCN: 26(6): 312-319.

Sampselle, CM, Miller, JM, Herzog, AR, Diokno, AC. (1996) Behavioral modification: Group teaching outcomes. Urologic Nursing; 16:59-63.

Snooks, SJ, Barnes, PRH, Setchell, M., Henry, MM., (1985) Damage to the innervation of pelvic floor musculature in chronic constipation. Gastroenterol :89:977-981.

Spence-Jones C, Kamm MA, Henry MM, Hudson CN (1994) Bowel dysfunction: a pathogenic factor in uterovaginal prolapse and urinary stress incontinence, British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, February,101:147-152.

Subak, LL., Johnson, C., Whitcomb, E., Boban, D., Saxton, J.,Brown, JS. (2002) Does weight loss improve incontinence in moderately obese women? Int Urogynecol J,13: 40-43.

Tampakoudis P, Tantanassis T, Grimbizis G, Papeletsos M, and Mantalenakis S. (1995) Cigarette smoking and urinary incontinence in women – a new calculative method of estimating the exposure to smoke. Eur J Obstet Gynecol and Reprod Bio; 63: 17-30.

Thomas, AM, Morse, JM., (1991) Managing urinary incontinence with self-care practices. J Gerontological Nurisng. 17(6):9-14.

Tomlinson, BU, Dougherty, MC, Pendergast, JF, Boyington, AR, Coffman, MA, Pickens, SM. (1999) Dietary caffeine, fluid intake and urinary incontinence in older rural women. International Urogynecolgy J; 10:22-28.

Wyman JF, Elswick, RK, Wilson, MS, and Fantl, JA. (1991) Relationship of fluid intake to voluntary micturitions and urinary incontinence in women. Neurol Urodynam; 463-473.

Adolfsson, J., Helgason, A., Dickman, P. & Steineck, G. (1998). Urinary and bowel symptoms in men with and without prostate cancer: Results from an observational study in the Stockholm area. European Urology, 33, 11-16.

Arai, Y., Okubo, K., Aoki, Y., Maekawa, S., Okada, T., Maeda, H., Ogawa, O. & Kato, T. (1999). Patient-reported quality of life after radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. International Journal of Urology, 6, 78-86.

Assad L. (2000) Urinary incontinence in older men. Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation; 16:33-53.

Bales GT, Gerber GS, Minor TX, Mhoon DA, McFarland JM, Kim HL et al. (2000) Effect of preoperative biofeedback/pelvic floor training on continence in men undergoing radical prostatectomy. Urology. 56:627-630.

Bates, T., Wright, M. & Gillatt, D. (1998). Prevalence and impact of incontinence and impotence following total prostatectomy assessed anonymously by the ICS-Male Questionnaire. European Urology, 33, 165-169.

Blaivas, J., Weiss, J. (2003) Understanding lower urinary tract symptoms in men. Contemporary Urology. Pp. 60-69.

Bishoff, J., Motley, G., Optenberg, S., Stein, C., Moon, K., Browning, S., Saranegh, E., Foley, J. & Thompson, I. (1998). Incidence of fecal and urinary incontinence following radical perineal and retropubic prostatectomy in a national population. Journal of Urology, 160, 454-458.

Brown, J., Elliott, D. & Barrett, D. (1998). Postprostatectomy urinary incontinence: A comparison of the cost of conservative versus surgical management. Urology, 51(5), 715-719.

Burgio, K., Stutzman, R. & Engel, B. (1989). Behavioral training for post-prostatectomy urinary incontinence. Journal of Urology, 141(2), 303-306.

Catalona, W., Carvalhal, G., Mager, D. & Smith, D. (1999). Potency, continence and complication rates in 1,870 consecutive radical retropubic prostatectomies. Journal of Urology, 162(2), 433-438.

Chang PL, Tsai LH, Huang ST, Wang TM, Hsieh ML, Tsui KH. (1998) The early effect of pelvic floor muscle exercise after transurethral prostatectomy. Journal of Urology. 160:402-405.

Diokno A. (1998) Post-prostatectomy urinary incontinence. Ostomy Wound Manage; 44:54-60.

DiMarco, D., Elliott, D. (2003) Tandem cuff artificial urinary sphincter as a salvage procedure following failed primary sphincter placement for the treatment of post-prostatectomy incontinence. The Journal of Urology. 170:1252-1254.

Feneley, M. & Walsh, P. (1999). Incontinence after Radical Prostatectomy. Lancet, 353(9170), 2091-2092.

Ficazzola, M. & Nitti, V. (1998). The etiology of post-radical prostatectomy incontinence and correlation of symptoms with urodynamic findings. Journal of Urology, 160, 1317-1320.

Fowler, F., Roman, A., Barry, M, Wasson, J., Lu-Yao, G., & Wennberg, J. (1993). Patient-reported complications and follow-up treatment after radical prostatectomy. Urology, 42(6), 622-629.

Frewen, W. (1972). Urgency incontinence: Review of 100 Cases. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 79, 77-79.

Gerber, G., Thisted, R., Scardino, P., Frohmuller, H., Schroeder, F., Paulson, D., et al. (1996). Results of radical prostatectomy in men with clinically localized prostate cancer. Journal of the American Medical Association, 276(8), 615-619.

Goluboff, E., Saidi, J., Mazer, S., Bagiella, E., Heitjan, D., Benson, M. & Olsson, C. (1998). Urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy: The Columbia experience. Journal of Urology, 159, 1276-1280.

Hammerer, P. & Huland, H. (1997). Urodynamic evaluation of changes in urinary control after radical retropubic prostatectomy. Journal of Urology, 157(1), 233-236.

Harlen, L., Brawley, O., Pommerenke, F., Wali, P., & Kramer, B. (1995).Geographic, age, and racial variation in the treatment of local/regional carcinoma of the prostate. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 13, 93-100.

Harris, J. (1997). Treatment of postprostatectomy urinary incontinence with behavioral methods. Clinical Nurse Specialist, 11(4), 159-166.

Hassouna, M. & Heaton, J. (1999). Clinical Basics: Prostate cancer: 8. Urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 160(1), 78-86.

Herr, H., Kornblith, A. & Ofman, U. (1993). A comparison of the quality of life of patients with metastatic prostate cancer who received or did not receive hormonal therapy. Cancer Supplement, 71(3), 1143-1150.

Jackson, J., Emerson, L., Johnston, B., Wilson, J., Morales, A. (1996) Biofeedback: a noninvasive treatment for incontinence after radical prostatectomy. Urologic Nursing. 16(2):50-55.

Jonler, M., Madsen, F., Rhodes, P., Sall, M., Messing, E. & Bruskewitz, R. (1996). A prospective study of quantification of urinary incontinence and quality of life in patients undergoing radical retropubic prostatectomy. Urology, 48(3), 433-440.

Kaouk, J., Desai, M., Abreu, S., Papay, F., Gill, I. (2003) Robotic assisted laparoscopic sural nerve grafting during radical prostatectomy: initial experience. The Journal of Urology. 170:909-912.

Kaye, K., Creed, K., Wilson, G., D’Antuono, M. & Dawkins, H. (1997). Urinary continence after radical retropubic prostatectomy, Analysis and synthesis of contributing factors: A unified concept. British Journal of Urology, 80, 444-451.

Litwin, M., Lubeck, D., Henning, J. & Carroll, P. (1998). Differences in urologist and patient assessments of health related quality of life in men with prostate cancer: Results of the CaPSURE database. Journal of Urology, 159(6), 1988-1992.

Lubeck, D., Litwin, M., Henning, J. Stoddard, M., Flanders, S. & Carroll, P. (1999). Changes in Health-related Quality of Life in the First Year after Treatment for Prostate Cancer: Results from CaPSURE. Urology, 53(1), 180-186.

Marshall, F. (1996). Editorial: Risk Factors for Urinary Incontinence after Radical Prostatectomy. Journal of Urology, 156, 1724.

Masumori, N., Tanaka, Y., et al. (2003) Lower urinary tract symptoms of men seeking medical care – comparison of symptoms found in the clinical setting and in a community study. Urology. 62(2):266-272.

Mathewson-Chapman M. (1997) Pelvic muscle exercise/biofeedback for urinary incontinence after prostatectomy: an education program. Journal of Cancer Education. 12:218-223.

Moore, K., Cody, J. & Glazener, C. (1999). Conservative Management of Post Prostatectomy Incontinence. The Cochrane Library, issue 4. Oxford: UK.

Moore, K., Eatey, A. (1999). The early post-operative concerns of men after radical prostatectomy. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 29(5), 1121-1129.

Moore K. (1999) A review of the anatomy of the male continence mechanism and the cause of urinary incontinence after prostatectomy. J WOCN; 26:86-93.

Moore, KN, Gritths, D, Hughton A. (1989) Urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy: ar randomized controlled trial comparing pelvic muscle exercises with or without electrical stimulation. BJU International. 83:57-65.

Mottet, N., Boyer, C., Chartier-Kastler, E., Naoum K., Richard, F. & Costa, P. (1998). Artificial urinary sphincter AMS 800 for urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy: The French experience. Urology International, 60(suppl), 25-29.

Moul JW. (1998) Pelvic muscle rehabilitation in males following prostatectomy. Urol Nurs; 18:296-301.

O'Donnell PD, Beck C, Walls RC. (1990) Serial incontinence assessment in elderly inpatient men. J Rehab Res Dev. 27(1):1-9.

O'Donnell, P., & Finan, B. (1989). Continence following nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy. Journal of Urology, 142, 1227-1229.

Oh, J., Colberg, J., Ornstein, D., Johnson, E., Chan, D., Virgo, K. & Johnson, F. (1999). Current follow strategies after radical prostatectomy: A survey of American Urological Association urologists. Journal of Urology, 161, 520-523.

Palmer, MH, Fogarty, LA, Somerfield, MR, Powel, LL. (2003) Incontinence after prostatectomy: coping with incontinence after prostate cancer surgery. ONF. 30(2):229-238.

Parekh, A.R., Feng, M.I., Kirages, D., Bremner, H., Kaswick, J., Aboseif, S. (2003) The role of pelvic floor exercises on post-prostatectomy incontinence. Journal of Urology. 170:130-133.

Powel L. (2000) Quality of life in men with urinary incontinence after prostate cancer surgery. JWOCN; 174-178.

Porru D, Campus G, Caria A, Madeddu G, Cucchi A, Rovereto B et al. (2001) Impact of early pelvic floor rehabilitation after transurethral resection of the prostate. Neurourology and Urodynamics. 20(1):53-59.

Stanford J, Feng Z, Hamilton A, et al. (2000) Urinary and sexual function after radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer: the prostate cancer outcomes study. JAMA. 283: 354-360.

Schwartz, E. & Lepor, H. Radical retropubic prostatectomy reduces symptom scores and improves quality of life in men with moderate and severe lower urinary tract symptoms. Journal of Urology, 16(4), 1185-1191.

Smith, D., Appell, R., Rackley, R. & Winters, C. (1998). Collagen injection therapy for post-prostatectomy incontinence. Journal of Urology, 160, 364-367.

Smith, D., Carvalhal, G., Schneider, K., Kryglel, J., Yan, Y. & Catalona, W. (2000). Quality-of-life outcomes for men with prostate carcinoma detected by screening. Cancer, 88(6), 1454-1463.

Stanford, J., Feng, Z., Hamilton, A., Gilliland, F., Stephenson, R., Eley, J., Albertsen, P., Harlan, L. & Potosky, A. (2000). Urinary and sexual function after radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer. The prostate cancer outcomes study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 283(3), 354-360.

Talcott, J., Rieker, P., Propert, K., Clark, J., Wishnow, K., Loughlin, K., Richie, J. & Kantoff, P. (1997). Patient-reported impotence and incontinence after nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 89(15), 1117-1123.

Talcott, J., Rieker, P., Clark, J., Propert, K., Weeks, J., Beard, C., Wishnow, K., Kaplan, I., Loughlin, K., Richie, J. & Kantoff, P. (1998). Patient-reported symptoms after primary therapy for early prostate cancer: Results of a prospective cohort study. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 16(1), 275-283.

Van Kampen M, De Weerdt W, Feys H, Baert L. (2000) Effect of pelvic-floor re-education on duration and degree of incontinence after radical prostatectomy: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 355(9198):98-102.

Walsh P, Marshke P, Ricker D, Burnett A. (2000) Patient-reported urinary continence and sexual function after anatomic radical prostatectomy. Urology; 58-61.

Yarbro, C. & Ferrans, C. (1998). Quality of life of patients with prostate cancer treated with surgery or radiation therapy. Oncology Nursing Forum, 25(4), 685-693.

Abrams, P., Mattiasson, A., Lose, G.R., Robertson, G.L. (2002) The role of desmopressin in the treatment of adult nocturia. BJU International. 90(Suppl 3):32-36.

Andersson, KE. (2002) The pharmacological treatment of nocturia. BJU International. 90(Suppl 3):25-27.

Burgio, KL, Locher, JL, Ives, DG, et al. (1996). Nocturnal enuresis in community-dwelling older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society . 44:139-143.

Cendron, M. (1999). Primary nocturnal enuresis:current. American Family Physician . 59(5), March:1205-1214.

Donahue, JL. & Lwenthal, DT. (1997) Nocturnal polyuria in the elderly person. The American Journal of Medical Sciences. October;314(4):232-238.

Evans, JHC. (2001) Evidence based management of nocturnal enuresis. BMJ. 323, Novemeber:1167-9.

Jennum, P. (2002) Sleep and nocturia. BJU International. 90(Suppl 3):21-24.

Johnson, M. (1998) Nocturnal enuresis. Urologic Nursing. 18(4), December:259-273.

Miller, M. (2000) Nocturnal polyuria in older people: pathophysiology and clinicaliImplications. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 48:1321-1329.

Nielsen, S. (2002) Renal aquaporins: an overview. BJU International. 90(Suppl 3):1-6.

Rembratt, A., Norgaard, JP, Andersson, KE. (2002) What is nocturnal polyuria? BJU International. 90(Suppl 3):18-20.

Rembratt, A., Norgaard, JP, Andersson, KE. (2003) Differences between nocturics and non-nocturics in voiding patterns: an analysis of frenquency-volume charts from community-dwelling elderly. BJU International. 91: 45-50

Robertson, GL, Norgaard, JP. (2002) Renal regulation of urine volume: potential implications for nocturia. BJU International. 90(Suppl 3):7-10.

Van Kerrebroeck, P., Abrams, P., Chaikin, D., et al. (2002) The standardization of terminology in nocturia: report from the standardization subcommittee of the International Continence Society. BJU International. 90(Suppl 3):11-15.

Van Kerrebroeck, P. (2002) Standardization of terminology in nocturia: commentary on the ICS report. BJU International. 90(Suppl 3):16-17.

Wein, A., Lose, GR, Fonda, D. (2002) Nocturia in men, women and the elderly: a practical approach. BJU International. 90(Suppl 3):28-31.

Wein, A., Abrams, P. (2002) Statement from the First International Consultation on Nocturia: reaching for a consensus. BJU International. 90(Suppl 3):37

Weiner, J., Scales, M., Hampton, J., King, L., Surwit, R., Edwards, C. (2000) Long-term efficacy of simple behavioral therapy for daytime wetting in children. Journal of Urology. 164, September: 786-790

Weiss, JP, Blaivas, JG. (2002) Nocturnal Polyuria Versus Overactive Bladder in Nocturia. Urology. 60(Suppl 5A):28-32.

Bates-Jensen, BM., Alessi, CA., Al-Samarrai, NR Schnelle, JF. (2003) The effect of an exercise and incontinence intervention on skin health outcomes and nursing home residents. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society . 51(3):348-355.

Berlowitz DR, Young GJ, Hickey EC, et al. (2001) Clinical practice guidelines in the nursing home. Am J Med Qual. 16:189-195.

Bowers B, Esmond S, Jacobson N. (2000) The relationship between staffing and quality in long-term care facilities: Exploring the views of nurse aides. J Nurs Care Qual. 14:55-64.

Campbell, E. B., Knight, M., Benson, M. & Colling, J. (1991). Effect of an incontinence training program on nursing home staff’s knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. Gerontologist, 31(6), 788-794.

Collin, JC, Owen, TR, McCreedy, MR. (1994) Urine volumes and voiding patterns among incontinent nursing home residents. Geriatric Nursing. 15:188-92.

Durrant, J., Snape, J. (2003) Urinary incontinence in nursing homes for older people. Age and Ageing. 32:12-18.

Harke JM, Richgels K. (1992) Barriers to implementing a continence program in nursing homes. Clin Nurs Res, 1:158-68.

Fonda A. (1990) Improving management of urinary incontinence in geriatric centers and nursing homes. Victorian Geriatrician Peer Review Group, Australian Clinical Review (Sydney), 10(2):66-71.

Frantz RA, Xakellis GC, Jr., Harvey PC, Lewis AR. (2003) Implementing an incontinence management protocol in long-term care. Clinical outcomes and costs. J Gerontol Nurs. 29:46-53.

Hu TW, Igou JF, Kaltreider DL, Yu LC, Rohner TJ, Dennis PJ, Craighead WE, Hadley ED, Ory MG. (1989) A clinical trial of a behavioral therapy to reduce urinary incontinence in nursing homes. JAMA. 261(18):2656-62.

Jirovec, M., Brink, C., Wells, T. (1988). Nursing Assessments in the Impatient Geriatric Populations. Nursing Clinics of North America, 23, 219-230.

Jirovec MM. (1991) The impact of daily exercise on the mobility balance and urine control of cognitively impaired nursing home residents. Int J Nurs Studies 28(2):145-51.

Jirovec MM, Wells TJ. (1990) Urinary incontinence in nursing home residents with dementia: the mobility-cognition paradigm. Appl Nursing Research. Aug;3(3):112-7.

Johnson T.M., Ouslander J.G., Uman G.C., Schnelle J.F. (2001). Urinary incontinence treatment preferences in long-term care. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 49(6), 710-718.

Kayser-Jones, J., et al. (1999) Factors contributing to dehydration in nursing homes: Inadequate staffing and lack of professional supervision. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society . 47:1187-1194.

Lekan-Rutledge D. (2000) Diffusion of innovation: A model for implementation of prompted voiding in long term care settings. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 26(4):25-33.

Lekan-Rutledge D, Colling J. (2003) Urinary incontinence in the frail elderly. American Journal of Nursing. (Suppl), March:36-46.

Mukamel, DB, Watson, NM, Meng, H., Spector, WD. (2003) Development of a rsik-adjusted urinary incontinence outcome measure of quality for nursing homes. Medical Care. 41(4):467-478.

Mather, KF & Bakas, T. (2002) Nursing assistants perceptions of their ability to provide continence care. Geriatric Nursing. 23(2):76-81.

Ouslander JG, Ai-Samarrai N, Schnelle JF. (2001) Prompted voiding for nighttime incontinence in nursing homes: is it effective? Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 49:706-709.

Ouslander JG, Maloney C, Grasela TH, Rogers L, Walawander CA. (2001) Implementation of a nursing home urinary incontinence management program with and without tolterodine. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2:207-214.

Ouslander JG & Schnelle, JF (1995) Incontinence in the nursing home. Annals of Internal Medicine 122(6):438-448.

Ouslander J, Kane R, Abrass I. (1982) Urinary incontinence in elderly nursing home patients. JAMA, 248:1194-8.

Ouslander JG, Palmer MH, Rovner BW, German PS. (1993) Urinary incontinence in nursing homes: incidence remission and associated factors. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 41(10):1083-9.

Ouslander J, Schnelle J, Simmons S, Bates-Jenson B, Zeitlin M. (1993) The dark side of incontinence in nursing home residents. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 41:371-6.

Ouslander JG, Schnelle J, Uman GC, Fingold S, Glater Nigam J, Tuico E, Bates-Jensen B. (1995) Predictors of successful prompted voiding among incontinent nursing home residents. JAMA, 273:1366-70.

Palmer, MH, Johnson, TM. (2003) Quality of Incontinence Management in the U.S. nursing homes: A failing grade. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 51(12):1810-1812.

Palmer MH, German PS, Ouslander JG. (1991) Risk factors for urinary incontinence one year after nursing home admission. Res Nurs Health, 14:405-12.

Palmer MH, McCormick KA, Langford A, Langlois J, Alvaran M. (1992) Continence outcomes: Documentation on medical records in the nursing home environment. J Nurs Care QuaL, 6(3):36-43.

Palmer MH. (2002) Urinary incontinence in nursing homes. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 29:4-5.

Palmer MH, McCormick KA, Langford A. (1989) Do nurses consistently document incontinence? Journal Gerontological Nursing. 15:11-16.

Palmer MH. (1995) Nurses' knowledge and beliefs about continence interventions in long-term care. J Advanced Nursing 21:1065-1072.

Palmer, M. H., Bennett, R. G., Marks, J., McCormick, K. A. & Engel, B. T. (1994). Urinary incontinence: A program that works. Journal of Long-Term Care Administration, 22(2), 19-25.

Prochoda KP. (2002) Medical director's review of urinary incontinence in long-term care. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 3:S11-15.

Remsburg RE, Palmer MH, Langford AM, Mendelson GI. (1999) Staff compliance with and ratings of effectiveness of a prompted voiding program in a long-term care facility. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 26:261-269.

Resnick NM, Baumann MM. (1990) A national assessment strategy for urinary incontinence in nursing homes. Neurourol Urodyn 9:411-3.

Robinson JP. (2000) Managing urinary incontinence in the nursing home: Residents’ perspectives. J Adv Nurs. 31:68-77.

Schnelle, JF, Alessi, CA., Simmons, SF., Al-Samarrai, NR., Beck, JC., Ouslander, JG. (2002) Translating clinical research into practice: A randomized controlled trial of exercise and incontinence care with nursing home residents. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society . 50(9):1476-1483.

Schnelle, JF, Cadogan, MP, Grbic, D., et al. (2003) A standardized quality assessment system to evaluateiIncontinence care in the nursing home. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society . 51(12):1754-1761.

Schnelle JF (1990). Treatment of urinary incontinence in nursing home patients by prompted voiding. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 38:356-60.

Schnelle JF, Newman DR, Foga